How to calculate the efficiency of a solar cell in pc1d

The power consumption ranges from 11 nW in sleep mode up to ~40 ОјW in active mode. Each layer measures less than 2.21 mm Г— 1.1 mm, and the height of the entire system is 0.4 mm, resulting in a 1.0 mm 3 system. Researchers at the University of Michigan developed a sophisticated 1 mm three-scale smart dust in 2012. Smart dust refers to a cubic-millimeter-scale sensing and communication platform that can monitor environmental conditions in both military and commercial applications. This defect becomes serious when the solar cell is applied in some unique micro-power fields, such as smart dust in battlefields. When the ambient environment is not illuminated by the sun, it can generate no electric power at all. Although the power density of the solar cell is rather large, it completely relies on solar radiation. designed a single-junction GaAs solar cell with a power density as high as 27.6 mW/cm 2. achieved a 25.6 mW/cm 2 power density with a rear junction crystalline Si solar cell. researched a passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) solar cell which can provide a 20.8 mW/cm 2 power density with a multicrystalline silicon substrate Masuko et al. Compared with the betavoltaic battery, solar cells can provide more power. designed the 63Ni-GaN Schottky battery which can achieve an energy conversion efficiency of 2.25%. The Hang Guo Research Group of the Pen-Tung Sah Lab of Xiamen University developed 147Pm-GaN batteries with a 44 nW output power and increased the conversion efficiency to 0.767%. The Blanchard Research Group at the University of Wisconsin developed an inverted triangular straight-slot 63Ni-Si battery with a 0.6% conversion efficiency. The Amit Lal Research Group of Cornell University developed 63Ni-Si batteries with a 0.32 nW output power and 0.3% conversion efficiency. However, the output power and conversion efficiency of the betavoltaic battery are still rather low, which restricts its application. Researchers have succeeded in developing betavoltaic batteries with different kinds of semiconductor substrates (e.g., Si, GaN, SiC) and different kinds of radioisotope sources (e.g., 63Ni, 3H, 147Pm) over the past decade.

Among the various micro-powers being investigated, the betavoltaic radioisotope battery is a new type of power source which is advantageous in terms of a long working life, high reliability, flexibility in rugged environments, and being maintenance-free. With the rapid development of the micro-electro mechanical system (MEMS), the micro-power has been recognized as the key technology of MEMS. Such a design and parameters are valuable for some unique micro-power fields, such as applications in space, isolated terrestrial applications, and smart dust in battlefields. Under these parameters, the proposed harvester can achieve a conversion efficiency of 5.05% for the 147Pm radioisotope source (with the activity of 9.25 Г— 10 8 Bq) and 20.8% for solar light radiation (AM1.5). The results concluded that the best parameters for the multi-source energy harvester are as follows: Na is 1 Г— 10 19 cm в€’3, Nd is 3.8 Г— 10 16 cm в€’3, a PN junction depth of 0.5 Ојm (using the 147Pm radioisotope source), and so on. In order to improve the efficiency of converting solar light energy into electric power, we adopted PC1D (version 5.9, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) to optimize the parameters, and selected the best parameters for converting both the radioisotope energy and solar energy into electricity. We established the calculation formulas for the short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage, and then studied and analyzed the optimization thickness of the semiconductor, doping concentration, and junction depth with simulation of the transport process of ОІ particles in a semiconductor material using the Monte Carlo simulation program MCNP (version 5, Radiation Safety Information Computational Center, Oak Ridge, TN, USA). A novel multi-source energy harvester based on solar and radioisotope energy sources is designed and simulated in this work.

How to calculate the efficiency of a solar cell in pc1d